Leaf-Patterned Toad Without Ears Discovered in Peru

It was hiding on Peru's forest floors, with a body camouflaged to look like dead leaves.

A new species of toad, called Rhinella yunga after the habitat where it was found, was discovered by scientists in a stretch of mountainous forests along the eastern slopes of the Andes known as the Peruvian Yungas. (The Quechuan word "yungas" means "warm valley.")

It seems that Rhinella yunga toads had been lumped in with another species, Rhinella margaritifera, until scientists discovered a group that mysteriously lacked eardrums. Further investigation proved it was a genetically distinct species. [40 Freaky Frog Photos]

For toads, the tympanic membrane (or eardrum) is a round, thin tissue that typically sits just behind the eyes. Rhinella yunga isn't the only frog species without this hearing organ. Gardiner's frogs from the Seychelles islands don't have eardrums; a study published last year found that these creatures actually use their mouths to hear. The description of Rhinella yunga, published in the journal ZooKeys, didn't detail how this new toad communicates.

The creature's coloration ranges from orange and reddish-brown to yellow and tan, arranged in a pattern that resembles "dark partly decomposed fall­en leaves," the scientists wrote in their description of the frog.

So far, the Rhinella yunga has been found around Peru's Yanachaga–Chemillén National Park and Pui Pui Protected Forest, at altitudes between about 5,900 and 7,300 feet (1,800 and 2,230 meters). The scientists who discovered the toad think its distribution likely covers a wider area. They also suspect additional new species may be discovered upon closer examination of frogs that have been labeled Rhinella margaritifera.

"It appears that [a] large number of still unnamed cryptic species remains hidden under some nominal species of the Rhinella margaritifera species group," the researchers, led by Jiří Moravec, of Prague's National Museum, wrote in their paper.

With only limited information on the new species, the scientists classified Rhinella yunga as "data deficient" according to the criteria for endangered species laid out by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). But frogs around the world have been in steep decline due to a number of environmental threats from fungal diseases and invasive species to the pressures of global warming. Researchers last year found that in the United States alone, amphibians (a group that also includes salamanders, newts and legless caecilians) have been disappearing from their habits at an annual rate of 3.7 percent.

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