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Ocean's Biggest Current Carries More Water Than Thought

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Circumpolar Current
This map shows the speed of the clockwise Antarctic Circumpolar Current on May 12, 2006, increasing from slow-moving blue water to faster dark red. (Image credit: San Diego Supercomputer Center, UC San Diego)

The world's biggest wind-driven ocean current carries 20 percent more water than previously thought, scientists announced this week.

A team of oceanographers reported the results of four years of continuously monitoring the Antarctic Circumpolar Current on Monday (Feb. 24) at the 2014 Ocean Sciences Meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Honolulu. The Circumpolar Current circles Antarctica clockwise from west to east, speeding ships flowing with the current but providing resistance for those sailing in the opposite direction. The churning waters ferry heat, salt and marine life between the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, but the current also isolates Antarctica from warmer waters to the north.

Because the Circumpolar Current plays an important role in moving heat around the planet, scientists are keen to better understand how the rotating flow may respond to climate change. For example, the wind-driven current could increase due to changing wind conditions around Antarctica. The band of westerly winds that drive the Circumpolar Current have both sped up and shifted southward in the past 60 years.

"We want to know how the current will respond to changing conditions, so quantifying the transport gives important guidance to the climate models that are trying to predict the future," Kathleen Donahue, a principal investigator on the project and an oceanographer at the University of Rhode Island (URI), said in a statement.

A more accurate measurement of how much water flows with the current will help improve climate and ocean models, Donahue said.

In 2007, Donahue and her colleagues braved the notoriously harsh weather in the Drake Passage and deployed ocean monitors that remotely transmit data on everything from the current's water temperature and pressure to eddy patterns. The Drake Passage is the narrow chokepoint between South America and Antarctica. [Infographic: Tallest Mountain to Deepest Ocean Trench]

"We're never going to be able to measure the whole ocean," Randolph Watts, a URI oceanographer and co-investigator on the project, said in the statement. "So if we're going to make accurate predictions of future climate, we're going to have to accurately measure processes like water transport and heat flux at key locations like the Drake Passage to guide our understanding."

The research team also discovered the Circumpolar Current's speed, which can reach more than 1 mph (1.6 km/h), also stays strong all the way to the seafloor, they reported at the meeting. The current extends from the sea surface to depths of more than 13,000 feet (4,000 meters).

Email Becky Oskin or follow her @beckyoskin. Follow us @OAPlanet, Facebook and Google+. Original article at Live Science's Our Amazing Planet.

Becky Oskin
Becky Oskin
Contributing Writer
Becky Oskin covers Earth science, climate change and space, as well as general science topics. Becky was a science reporter at Live Science and The Pasadena Star-News; she has freelanced for New Scientist and the American Institute of Physics. She earned a master's degree in geology from Caltech, a bachelor's degree from Washington State University, and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz.