Tick Bites Tick! Tiny Male Puts the Bite on an Engorged Female
Researchers conducting a tick survey in Alaska unexpectedly found themselves looking at an unusual tick pic.
A tiny adult female tick that had been removed from a red squirrel was carrying her own parasitic hitchhiker — an adult male of the same tick species, Ixodes angustus — and he appeared to be gripping the female not in the throes of passion, but of hunger.
When scientists examined the blood-engorged female using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), they identified the much smaller male tick clinging to and feeding from the underside of the female's body, digging in deep with its piercing mouthparts. [Bloodsuckers! Michigan Ticks and Larvae, in Photos]
Blood-feeding ticks in the genus Ixodes are in the family Ixodidae, and are hard-bodied (the other main family of ticks, Argasidae, is soft-bodied). Hard ticks have three life stages — larva, nymph and adult — and the insects typically take one blood meal from a host during each stage, according to the Department of Entomology and Nematology at the University of California, Davis.
The tick species I. angustus has been associated with the spread of Lyme disease, and is the species that is the most abundant on rodents and other mammals in British Columbia and Alberta, both provinces in Canada, and in Alaska, researchers from Georgia Southern University, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, wrote in a new study describing the evidence of tick-on-tick feeding.
By feasting on another tick, the male insect described by the study authors was practicing a behavior known as hyperparasitism — when parasites cut out the middleman by skipping over the host animal entirely and cadging a meal directly from their blood-bloated fellow parasites.
A second male tick was also attached to the female and was mating with her, but it became dislodged as the researchers prepared the specimens for scanning, they wrote in the study.
The remaining male tick's mouth parts penetrated the female's body region close to her head and genital opening, and his palps — a pair of elongated appendages near his mouth — were splayed upon her exoskeleton, positioned in a characteristic feeding pose, the scientists noted.
And the male in the image likely wasn't the only hitchhiker that had fastened himself to the female for a free lunch. An additional scar on her body — a small puncture visible below and to the left of her central genital opening — suggested that another hungry tick also fed on the female, the researchers reported.
Hyperparasitism is common in soft ticks, but was thought to be less widespread in their hard-bodied cousins, and has not been previously detected in the hard tick species I. angustus. However, prior research has not only documented male ticks in the Ixodes genus parasitizing females, but has also recorded evidence of feeding scars on females like those found in the new study. That evidence, along with the new findings, suggests that male hard-bodied ticks may use females as a meal ticket more frequently than once thought, the authors concluded.
The findings were published online Feb. 19 in the Journal of Medical Entomology.
Original article on Live Science.
