On Aug. 24, 2014, an earthquake ripped through Northern California's Napa-Sonoma Valley. It was the largest in the San Francisco Bay Area in 25 years, leaving two dead and hundreds injured and causing damage that cost half a billion dollars.
When Meredith Kraner, a geophysicist from the University of Nevada, examined high-precision GPS time series from the region around the quake, "we found this really interesting signature in the data," she told Live Science: a telltale pattern of expansion and contraction in the Earth's crust. Now in a study that describes this finding in the Journal of Geophysical Research, Kraner and her colleagues also explore whether seasonal fluctuations in local aquifers might explain that cycle of expansion and contraction, a phenomenon that could have triggered the earthquake itself. [7 Ways the Earth Changes in the Blink of an Eye]
Earthquakes occur when Earth’s slow-moving tectonic plates suddenly slip against one another, usually due to a build up of stress that destabilizes the two. "It's just like breaking a stick," Kraner said. "If you pull on it and pull on it, it'll reach breaking point eventually."
But the fluctuations in the Earth's crust that Kraner observed suggested that there may have been an added seasonal element that triggered this process. She identified this pattern by collecting data from Earthscope, a vast network of high-precision GPS sensors spread across the earthquake-prone western United States. Since 2005, these sensors have been recording millimeter-scale shifts in the Earth's crust, building up a huge and detailed data set. Using this information, Kraner was able to precisely map out the expansion and contraction in the crust around the earthquake zone.
"The crust is in extension during the late summer, and it's in contraction during the winter. You see that happening every single year in that location," Kraner said. "Our theory is that this seasonal component provided the final straw to this earthquake occurring," Kraner told Live Science.
But what was behind this unusual seasonal cycle, and how might it be linked to the quake? After the team ruled out several other factors, "the only thing we could think of it being related to was some sort of local aquifer system," Kraner said.
To test that idea, Kraner used satellite data of the Napa-Sonoma Valley, which revealed noticeable seasonal changes in the ground elevation over the areas where aquifer basins exist. [Image Gallery: This Millennium's Destructive Earthquakes]
It's known that increases and declines in groundwater levels can cause the elevation at the Earth's surface to rise and fall. Kraner didn't measure the water quantity in these basins, but she surmised that if groundwater levels do recede in summer due to low water availability, that would cause the land above to subside. As this happens, it would pull on the crust, contracting it horizontally and "stretching" or "extending" the land surrounding the aquifer.
By this logic, if aquifer basins on either side of the fault line did recede, this would also cause the land to contract horizontally on either side of the fault. (Indeed, the GPS recordings in Kraner’s data showed a 3 millimeter spread across the landscape in summer.) Like loosening a clamp, that would release the stabilizing pressure on the fault, making it easier for plates to slide against each other and trigger an earthquake, Kraner explained: “The earthquake occurred in this expansional/extensional region between these two aquifers.”
Does that mean that human-driven depletion of aquifers can set this process in motion and cause earthquakes? Kraner cautioned that the study can't answer this question. Even so, the region is characterized by water-guzzling vineyards that could lead to the contraction of Earth's surface in the area.
"On top of [the aquifers], you do have California wineries. They are pumping a lot of water. We don't know how much," Kraner said. And that dependence on groundwater could increase during the dry summer months and during drought. But Kraner was quick to note that her study didn't measure water volume or pumping rates around the time of the quake.
Groundwater levels also fluctuate naturally, driven by rains, evaporation and other natural phenomena, she said.
But as the first study to identify this localized pattern of expansion and contraction in the Earth's crust, Kraner's research does crucially reveal that seasonal stress may be one of many factors helping to trigger earthquakes. Understanding this seasonal element might one day help scientists create richer and more-accurate forecasts for these phenomena, she said.
"You're adding time dependence to earthquake forecasting," Kraner said. "This is important for understanding how earthquakes are triggered."
Editor's Note: This article was updated to state that rather than seismic recordings, as was stated, the scientists examined high-precision GPS time series.
Original article on Live Science.
