Name: Paradoxical frog (Pseudis paradoxa), also known as shrinking frog
Where it lives: Northern South America and Trinidad
What it eats: Invertebrates, mainly insects
Why it's awesome: This rather odd species is unusual because it gets smaller as it grows up — it is notably larger in the larval stage than in the adult stage. The paradoxical frog's substantial tadpole is three to four times larger than an adult and measures up to 9 inches (22 centimeters). In comparison, an adult measures up to 3 inches (8 cm) long.
Other species in the Pseudis genus also exhibit this unusual change in size, but the paradoxical frog holds the record for the longest tadpole.
So how do these tadpoles get so big? A study published in 2009 in The Herpetological Journal found that the growth rate of the tadpoles is similar to other species, but the paradoxical tadpoles just keep on growing and developing.
By the time the tadpoles undergo metamorphosis into adults, the males have already begun to produce sperm and are "essentially mature," and the females have eggs in development — which normally happens in the juvenile frog stage of the life cycle.
Another paper, which looked at a different Pseudis species, studied the skeletal development of that species' tadpoles and found that it was well-advanced or complete by the end of metamorphosis.
Much of the tadpole’s extraordinary size comes from its long and deep tail. Prior to metamorphosing into an adult, its snout-vent length (i.e. its body length) is comparable to the mature adult.
In most other frogs, a post-metamorphosis frog starts small and then grows larger. However, because this tadpole grows for longer than other species, and is well-developed when it undergoes metamorphosis, the adult exhibits little to no growth. The loss of the tail that causes the frog to "shrink."
