On Wednesday, June 21 at 10:57 a.m. ET (14:57 UTC) the sun will reach its highest point in the Northern Hemisphere, bringing the longest day of the year — the summer solstice.
Sunrise and sunset on the summer solstice appear to have fascinated humans for thousands of years. While at the equinoxes — when the sun appears directly above the equator — the sun rises and sets due east and west, respectively, during June's solstice it rises in the northeast and sets in the northwest. Across the world, there are hundreds of monuments, temples and other buildings aligned to the solstice. Here are 10 intriguing examples.
1. Stonehenge, Wiltshire, UK
One of the most famous monuments aligned with the summer solstice is Stonehenge. This 5,000-year-old Neolithic monument's Heel Stone is lit up by the rising sun immediately before the summer solstice, and thousands of people spend the night around this mysterious ring of standing stones to witness the event. Livestream the event from 11:00 p.m. ET on June 20, 2023, on English Heritage's Facebook page, with the solstice sun rising at 11:49 p.m. ET.
2. Khafra and Khufu pyramids, Giza, Egypt
The 4,500-year-old Pyramids of Giza are known mostly for being the tallest standing human-made structures until 1311, but it's perhaps less known that they are aligned to the cardinal points. From in front of the Sphinx, the sunset on the solstice takes place between the Khafra and Khufu pyramids. Around the equinoxes, the sunset takes place on the shoulder of the half-man, half-lion statue.
3. Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA
Chaco Culture National Historical Park, in a remote canyon in northwestern New Mexico, hides huge structures called kiva built by the Ancestral Puebloan people between A.D. 850 and 1250. Be at Casa Rinconada — a "great kiva" — for sunrise on the day of the summer solstice (and a few sunrises on either side) and you'll see a rectangle of light shine through a window and settle in a niche.
4. Piedras Blancas, Antequera, Spain
Archaeologists are discovering monuments that align with the sun all the time. In May 2023 archaeologists in Andalusia, southern Spain reported their discovery of a 5,400-year-old tomb in a region known for its megaliths. The solstice sunrise lights up decorative rocks on the walls of a chamber deep within. The site is at the foot of a prominent mountain called La Peña de los Enamorados, which the nearby (and much more famous) Dolmen de Menga is aligned with.
5. Sun Tunnels, Great Basin Desert, Utah, USA
Not all aligned monuments are thousands of years old. The Sun Tunnels, a modern art creation constructed between 1973 and 1976 in the Great Basin Desert in northwestern Utah, is the work of artist Nancy Holt. The installation consists of four massive concrete cylinders that are separately aligned with sunrise and sunset on the summer and winter solstices.
6. Puerco Pueblo, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA
The prehistoric people of the Southwest U.S. appear to have used the solstice to create ancient calendars. One of the most famous of these is a petroglyph at Puerco Pueblo, where a shaft of sunlight is projected onto a spiral solstice marker on a boulder, touching its center about 9 a.m local time. This happens each morning for about a two-week period around the summer solstice. Close by is Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, a rock face with over 650 petroglyphs.
7. Hagar Qim, Malta
A spectacular megalithic temple on the Mediterranean island of Malta, Hagar Qim is one of the oldest free-standing buildings in the world. It was constructed between around 3600 to 3200 B.C. At sunrise on the summer solstice, the first rays of the rising sun enter the structure through an elliptical "oracle hole" in the monumental walls, which projects the disk of the sun onto a stone slab.
8. Ballochroy standing stones, Kintyre, UK
These three vertical standing stones, oriented northeast to southwest, may not look like much, but they're thought to be an ancient observatory. The three stones align with sunset on the day of the solstice, with the sun setting behind mountains on the Isle of Jura.
9. Kensington Gardens, London, UK
Sometimes solstice alignments are hiding in plain sight. Kensington Gardens, which has been inhabited by members of the British monarchy since 1689, is no exception. In 2017, a physics professor calculated that one of the main avenues radiating out from its Round Pond is oriented for sunrise on the summer solstice.
10. Parowan Gap, Iron County, Utah, USA
Just northwest of Cedar City in southern Utah is a 600-foot (180 meters) V-shaped gap in the mountains that the sun appears to roll down at sunset, when seen from the east. The phenomenon can be observed any evening depending on where the viewer stands, but cairns mark the exact places to stand on the summer and winter solstices. The cairns are thought to have been put there about 10,000 years ago by Fremont and Paiute Native American people. Within the Parowan Gap itself is a vast panel of petroglyphs, one of which is V-shaped and thought to represent the alignments as a solar calendar.
