The largest stone in Stonehenge's inner circle, known as the Altar Stone, may have come from farther afield than its neighboring monoliths — possibly even from northern England or Scotland, according to a new study that questions a 100-year-old idea about the stone's origins.
A century has passed since British geologist Herbert Henry Thomas published his seminal 1923 study on Stonehenge, in which he traced the origin of the "bluestones" that make up the monument's inner circle to the Preseli Hills in western Wales. Among these bluestones — so called because they acquire a bluish tinge when wet or freshly broken and to distinguish them from the "sarsen" stones that make up the outer circle — Thomas included a 16-foot-long (4.9 meters) flat-lying, gray-green slab of stone known as the Altar Stone.
"It seems as though he wanted all the non-sarsen stones to come from a limited geographic area and this basic assertion has not been challenged for 100 years," Richard Bevins, an honorary professor of geology and Earth sciences at Aberystwyth University in Wales who led the new research, told Live Science in an email.
It now appears that Thomas' assessment was flawed, Bevins and his colleagues have found in a new study, published in the October issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. While Thomas "quite rightly" pinpointed the source of some stones to outcrops in western Wales, the Altar Stone likely came from a completely different location, possibly an unknown quarry in northern Britain, Bevins said.
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Stonehenge was erected during Britain's Late Neolithic period, roughly 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, in southern England. The monument was built, rebuilt and added to over thousands of years, with the bluestones brought to the site during an early construction phase.
Early excavators of Stonehenge called the bluestones "foreign stones," because they are exotic to the Wiltshire landscape. Their long-haul transport over 140 miles (225 kilometers) from western Wales to Stonehenge is one of the farthest known distances from a source to a prehistoric monument construction site anywhere in the world, according to the study.
The Altar Stone has always stood out from the other bluestones because it's much larger and made of a different type of rock, Bevins said. There is also "no archaeological evidence as to when the Altar Stone arrived at Stonehenge," he added, raising the possibility that it could have been brought to the site during a later construction phase.
To shed light on the stone's origin, the researchers compared its geochemistry and mineralogy with 58 sandstone outcrops stretching from southern Wales to western England. But the search "failed to make a match," Bevins said, and the researchers concluded that they might be looking in the wrong place.
The Altar Stone displays an unusually high amount of the chemical element barium, which has helped the researchers narrow down further potential sources.
"Initially, we feel it appropriate to investigate areas where there are known ancient monuments of Neolithic ages," Bevins said. These areas stretch across northern England and Scotland, broadening the horizons of a search that has so far focused exclusively on Wales and allowing for "creative thinking about the source of the Altar Stone," he said.
The characterization of the Altar Stone as a bluestone is now up for debate, Bevins added, rewriting its archaeological significance in the history of Stonehenge.
This isn't the first time Bevins and colleagues have challenged Thomas' century-old work. In 2018, they reported in the journal Antiquity that the bluestones came from a completely different outcrop of rocks at Preseli Hills than Thomas suspected.
