Tom Metcalfe
Tom Metcalfe is a freelance journalist and regular Live Science contributor who is based in London in the United Kingdom. Tom writes mainly about science, space, archaeology, the Earth and the oceans. He has also written for the BBC, NBC News, National Geographic, Scientific American, Air & Space, and many others.
Latest articles by Tom Metcalfe

Book of Revelation's vision of the apocalypse inspired by pagan curses, researcher claims
By Tom Metcalfe published
The cryptic Book of Revelation in the Christian Bible deliberately uses the language and verbal elements seen in Roman curse tablets, probably in an effort to reinforce its message, one researcher says.

Giraffe sex is even weirder than we thought, and it involves pee
By Tom Metcalfe published
Giraffes don't go into heat, don't have a breeding season and don't make mating calls. So how do giraffes know when it's the right time for love?

Lasers reveal ruins of 5th-century fortress in Spanish forest
By Tom Metcalfe published
Laser scans have revealed that what was thought to be an Iron Age hillfort in northwestern Spain is, in fact, an early medieval stronghold built in the fifth century A.D. and occupied for the next 200 years.

7.5-foot-long sword from 4th-century Japan may have 'protected' deceased from evil spirits
By Tom Metcalfe published
Archaeologists have unearthed an oversized ceremonial iron sword and a bronze mirror shaped like a shield from a 1,600-year-old burial mound in Nara, Japan.

17th-century Frenchwoman's 'innovative' gold dental work was likely torturous to her teeth
By Tom Metcalfe published
The teeth of an aristocratic French woman who lived at the turn of the 17th century were held in place with fine gold wires, a new study has found.

When did Rome fall?
By Tom Metcalfe published
Many historians consider the fall of the Western Roman Empire to have been when the emperor Romulus Augustulus abdicated, but not all historians agree.

Cryptic lost Canaanite language decoded on 'Rosetta Stone'-like tablets
By Tom Metcalfe published
Two ancient clay tablets from Iraq contain details of a "lost" Canaanite language.

Mysterious 12-sided Roman object found in Belgium may have been used for magical rituals
By Tom Metcalfe published
A fragment of a mysterious artifact known as a Roman dodecahedron has been found in Belgium.

Widening chasm births Antarctic iceberg larger than Los Angeles
By Tom Metcalfe published
The giant chasm on Antarctica's Brunt Ice Shelf has split and created a massive iceberg.

3,600-year-old hoards may contain the earliest silver currency in Israel and Gaza
By Tom Metcalfe published
A new study of ancient silver hoards from Israel and Gaza suggests that metal was used as currency in the Bronze Age, hundreds of years earlier than previously suspected.

Hidden, never-before-seen penguin colony spotted from space
By Tom Metcalfe published
Satellite photos showing poop stains in the West Antarctic snow and ice have revealed a previously unknown breeding colony of emperor penguins.

Medieval pendant found in a garbage pit may hold the bones of a saint
By Tom Metcalfe published
Neutron imaging revealed that a medieval pendant from Germany holds fragments of bone, possibly those of a saint.

Why does lightning zigzag?
By Tom Metcalfe published
The characteristic zigzag pattern of lightning is caused by a highly conductive form of oxygen that builds up as the bolt travels toward the ground.

'Princely' tomb of Hun warrior unearthed in Romania
By Tom Metcalfe published
The remains of a "princely" tomb, possibly from a Hunnic warrior, have been found during motorway construction in Romania.

Ancient Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II's 'handsome' face revealed in striking reconstruction
By Tom Metcalfe published
Scientists have used facial reconstruction techniques to show what the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II looked like in his prime.

Look at the face of the 'Jericho Skull,' buried 9,000 years ago with shells for eyes
By Tom Metcalfe published
The 9,000-year-old Jericho Skull now has a new face, thanks to the latest reconstruction techniques.

Quarry workers make 'unexpected' discovery of ship from Queen Elizabeth I's reign
By Tom Metcalfe published
Timbers from the hull of a 16th-century ship have been found in a flooded quarry in southeastern England.

Medieval murder victim was killed by multiple sword blows to the head in 'case of raw violence'
By Tom Metcalfe published
Sword blows to the head of a medieval murder victim in Italy suggest "a case of overkill."

30 incredible sunken wrecks from WWI and WWII
By Tom Metcalfe published
A look at some of the most notable underwater wrecks from WWI and WWII.

Tomb of 'Jesus' midwife' excavated, revealing remarkable courtyard and oil lamps
By Tom Metcalfe published
Archaeologists in Israel have discovered new artifacts and carvings from the Cave of Salome, a place of pilgrimage for early Christians who thought that it was the burial place for Salome, the supposed midwife of Jesus.

Why is Hanukkah 8 days?
By Tom Metcalfe published
Is Hanukkah eight days because of an ancient miracle that oil burned for that long? It turns out there's more to the story.

What is a Christmas Yule log?
By Tom Metcalfe published
A Yule log is a Christmas tradition in which a log of wood is progressively burned in a fireplace over several nights.

4,000-year-old 'shaman' burial near Stonehenge has a golden secret
By Tom Metcalfe published
Stone tools found in a 4,000-year-old grave near Stonehenge have traces of gold on their surfaces that indicate they were used to fashion gold ornaments.
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