Disease name: Situs inversus
Affected populations: Approximately 1 in 10,000 people have situs inversus. Men are 1.5 times more likely than women to experience the condition.
Causes: Situs inversus is a genetic condition that causes organs in the chest and abdomen, such as the liver and spleen, to be flipped across the midline of the body. If the heart's position is also flipped — a phenomenon known as dextrocardia — then the condition is described as situs inversus totalis.
Situs inversus is caused by mutations in one or more genes. More than 100 genes have been tied to defects in the "sidedness" of the body, such as the gene NME7, which encodes a protein that helps regulate the creation of tube-like cellular structures, called microtubules. These structures have numerous functions, including supporting cell shape and their ability to move around the body.
Related: 10 body parts that are useless in humans (or maybe not)
Situs inversus is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that both parents need to pass on a mutated gene for their children to develop it.
People may have situs inversus on its own, or alongside another condition such as primary ciliary dyskinesia. This is when there's dysfunction in cilia — the tiny, wiggling hair-like structures that keep the airways, ears and sinuses free from infectious germs. During embryonic development, cilia help determine the left-right axis of the body.
Symptoms: Many people with situs inversus will not develop any notable symptoms from the condition — although the positions of their organs are flipped, the organs still work normally. Many individuals may not even realize that they have situs inversus until they are examined by doctors for another, unrelated condition.
However, between 5% and 10% of people with situs inversus have heart defects that are present from birth. And those who also have primary ciliary dyskinesia may be more likely to develop respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and sinusitis, in which the airways and the sinuses are inflamed, respectively.
If they are unaware of their condition, people with situs inversus may also be at risk of diagnostic errors if they're hospitalized for certain ailments. For instance, appendicitis typically causes pain on the lower right-hand side of the abdomen, where the appendix is normally located. But this condition may be missed or diagnosed later than usual if the pain a person experiences is on their left-hand-side instead.
Treatments: As situs inversus doesn't usually cause any symptoms, there is generally no need for treatment. Instead, treatment is focused on targeting the symptoms of any co-occurring conditions, should any emerge.
Disclaimer
This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to offer medical advice.
Ever wonder why some people build muscle more easily than others or why freckles come out in the sun? Send us your questions about how the human body works to community@livescience.com with the subject line "Health Desk Q," and you may see your question answered on the website!
