Expert Voices Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz

Sure, complain about the music, but modern halftime shows are nothing compared to the horrors witnessed in ancient Rome.

In the early 1800s, when your goiter is larger than your head, you had to visit Dr. Mütter.

In the early 18th century, people with severe disfigurations had to hide from the public — until surgical pioneers like Thomas Dent Mütter emerged.

Surgery without anesthetic is a nightmare, and yet for most of human experience, it that was the only option.